The Future in Nuclear Power
Galen J. Suppes, Truman S. Storvick, in Sustainable Power Technologies and Infrastructure, 2016
Neutron–Proton Ratios
Figure 8.5shows the distribution of the stable nuclides plotted on the same axes as the Chart of the Nuclides—it provides the skeleton of the complete Chart of Nuclides. As the mass numbers become higher, the ratio of neutrons to protons in the nucleus becomes larger. For helium-4 (2 protons and 2 neutrons) and oxygen-16 (8 protons and 8 neutrons) this ratio is unity. For indium-115 (49 protons and 66 neutrons) the ratio of neutrons to protons has increased to 1.35, and for uranium-238 (92 protons and 146 neutrons) the neutron-to-proton ratio is 1.59.
If a heavy nucleus were to split into two fragments, each fragment would form a nucleus that would have approximately the same neutron-to-proton ratio as the heavy nucleus. This high neutron-to-proton ratio places the fragments below and to the right of the stability curve displayed byFigure 8.5. The instability caused by the excess of neutrons is generally rectified by successive beta emissions, each of which converts a neutron to a proton and moves the nucleus toward a more stable neutron-to-proton ratio.
Careful measurements have shown that the mass of a particular atom is always slightly less than the sum of the masses of the individual neutrons, protons, and electrons of which the atom consists. The difference between the mass of the atom and the sum of the masses of its parts is called the mass defect (Δm).
Figure 8.5 shows the distribution of the stable nuclides plotted on the same axes as the Chart of the Nuclides—it provides the skeleton of the complete Chart of Nuclides. As the mass numbers become higher, the ratio of neutrons to protons in the nucleus becomes larger. For helium-4 (2 protons and 2 neutrons) and oxygen-16 (8 protons and 8 neutrons) this ratio is unity. A chart of nuclides (cut into three parts for better presentation). A table of nuclides or chart of nuclides is a two dimensional graph in which one axis represents the number of neutrons and the other represents the number of protons in an.
The loss in mass, or mass defect, is due to the conversion of mass to binding energy when the nucleus is formed. Binding energy is defined as the amount ofenergy that must be supplied to a nucleus to completely separate its nuclear particles (nucleons). It can also be understood as the amount of energy that would be released if the nucleus was formed from the separate particles. Binding energy is the energy equivalent of the mass defect. Since the mass defect was converted to binding energy (BE) when the nucleus was formed, it is possible to calculate the binding energy using a conversion factor derived by the mass-energy relationship from Einstein’s Theory of Relativity.
A chart of nuclides. Above, cut into three parts for better presentation; below, combined.
|
|
- Positron emission or Electron capture
A table of nuclides or chart of nuclides is a two-dimensional graph in which one axis represents the number of neutrons and the other represents the number of protons in an atomic nucleus. Each point plotted on the graph thus represents the nuclide of a real or hypothetical chemical element. This system of ordering nuclides can offer a greater insight into the characteristics of isotopes than the better-known periodic table, which shows only elements instead of each of their isotopes.
Description and utility[edit]
A chart or table of nuclides is a simple map to the nuclear, or radioactive, behaviour of nuclides, as it distinguishes the isotopes of an element. It contrasts with a periodic table, which only maps their chemical behavior, since isotopes (nuclides which are variants of the same element) do not differ chemically to any significant degree, with the exception of hydrogen. Nuclide charts organize nuclides along the X axis by their numbers of neutrons and along the Y axis by their numbers of protons, out to the limits of the neutron and proton drip lines. This representation was first published by Kurt Guggenheimer in 1934[1] and expanded by Giorgio Fea in 1935,[2]Emilio Segrè in 1945 or G. Seaborg. In 1958, Walter Seelmann-Eggebert and Gerda Pfennig published the first edition of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart. Its 7th edition was made available in 2006. Today, there are several nuclide charts, four of which have a wide distribution: the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, the Strasbourg Universal Nuclide Chart, the Chart of the Nuclides from the JAEA and the Nuclide Chart from Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory.[3] It has become a basic tool of the nuclear community.
Full table[edit]
The nuclide table below shows nuclides (often loosely called 'isotopes', but this term properly refers to nuclides with the same atomic number, see below), including all with half-life of at least one day.[4] They are arranged with increasing atomic numbers from left to right and increasing neutron numbers from top to bottom.
Cell color denotes the half-life of each nuclide; if a border is present, its color indicates the half-life of the most stable nuclear isomer. In graphical browsers, each nuclide also has a tool tip indicating its half-life.Each color represents a certain range of length of half-life, and the color of the border indicates the half-life of its nuclear isomer state. Some nuclides have multiple nuclear isomers, and this table notes the longest one.Dotted borders mean that a nuclide has a nuclear isomer, and their color is represented the same way as for their normal counterparts.
Z → | 0 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n ↓ | n | H | He | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||||||||||||||||
0 | 1H | Li | Be | B | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||
1 | 1n | 2H | 3He | 4Li | 5Be | 6B | C | 7 | |||||||||||||||
2 | 3H | 4He | 5Li | 6Be | 7B | 8C | N | 8 | |||||||||||||||
3 | 4H | 5He | 6Li | 7Be | 8B | 9C | 10N | O | 9 | ||||||||||||||
4 | 5H | 6He | 7Li | 8Be | 9B | 10C | 11N | 12O | F | 10 | 13 | ||||||||||||
5 | 6H | 7He | 8Li | 9Be | 10B | 11C | 12N | 13O | 14F | Ne | 11 | 12 | Al | ||||||||||
6 | 7H | 8He | 9Li | 10Be | 11B | 12C | 13N | 14O | 15F | 16Ne | Na | Mg | 19Al | 14 | |||||||||
7 | 9He | 11Be | 12B | 13C | 14N | 15O | 16F | 17Ne | 18Na | 19Mg | 20Al | Si | 15 | ||||||||||
8 | 10He | 11Li | 12Be | 13B | 14C | 15N | 16O | 17F | 18Ne | 19Na | 20Mg | 21Al | 22Si | P | 16 | ||||||||
9 | 12Li | 13Be | 14B | 15C | 16N | 17O | 18F | 19Ne | 20Na | 21Mg | 22Al | 23Si | 24P | S | 17 | ||||||||
10 | 14Be | 15B | 16C | 17N | 18O | 19F | 20Ne | 21Na | 22Mg | 24Si | 25P | 26S | Cl | 18 | |||||||||
11 | 15Be | 16B | 17C | 18N | 19O | 20F | 21Ne | 22Na | 23Mg | 25Si | 26P | 27S | 28Cl | Ar | 19 | ||||||||
12 | 16Be | 17B | 18C | 19N | 20O | 21F | 22Ne | 23Na | 24Mg | 25Al | 26Si | 27P | 28S | 29Cl | 30Ar | K | 20 | ||||||
13 | 19C | 20N | 21O | 22F | 23Ne | 24Na | 25Mg | 27Si | 28P | 29S | 30Cl | 31Ar | 32K | Ca | |||||||||
14 | 20C | 21N | 22O | 23F | 24Ne | 25Na | 26Mg | 27Al | 28Si | 29P | 30S | 31Cl | 33K | 34Ca | 21 | 22 | |||||||
15 | 22N | 23O | 24F | 25Ne | 26Na | 27Mg | 28Al | 29Si | 30P | 31S | 32Cl | 33Ar | 34K | 35Ca | Sc | Ti | 23 | ||||||
16 | 24O | 25F | 26Ne | 27Na | 28Mg | 29Al | 30Si | 31P | 32S | 33Cl | 34Ar | 35K | 36Ca | 37Sc | 38Ti | V | 24 | ||||||
17 | 26F | 27Ne | 28Na | 29Mg | 30Al | 31Si | 32P | 33S | 34Cl | 35Ar | 36K | 37Ca | 39Ti | 40V | Cr | 25 | 26 | ||||||
18 | 27F | 28Ne | 29Na | 30Mg | 31Al | 32Si | 33P | 34S | 35Cl | 36Ar | 37K | 38Ca | 39Sc | 40Ti | 41V | 42Cr | Mn | Fe | 27 | 28 | |||
19 | 28F | 29Ne | 30Na | 31Mg | 32Al | 33Si | 34P | 35S | 36Cl | 37Ar | 38K | 39Ca | 40Sc | 41Ti | 42V | 43Cr | 44Mn | 45Fe | Co | Ni | |||
20 | 29F | 30Ne | 31Na | 32Mg | 33Al | 34Si | 35P | 36S | 37Cl | 38Ar | 39K | 40Ca | 41Sc | 42Ti | 43V | 44Cr | 45Mn | 46Fe | 47Co | 48Ni | |||
21 | 30F | 31Ne | 32Na | 33Mg | 34Al | 35Si | 36P | 37S | 39Ar | 40K | 41Ca | 43Ti | 45Cr | 47Fe | 48Co | 49Ni | 29 | ||||||
22 | 31F | 32Ne | 33Na | 34Mg | 35Al | 36Si | 37P | 38S | 39Cl | 40Ar | 41K | 42Ca | 43Sc | 44Ti | 45V | 46Cr | 47Mn | 48Fe | 49Co | 50Ni | Cu | 30 | |
23 | 33Ne | 34Na | 35Mg | 36Al | 37Si | 38P | 39S | 40Cl | 41Ar | 42K | 43Ca | 45Ti | 46V | 47Cr | 48Mn | 49Fe | 50Co | 51Ni | 52Cu | Zn | 31 | ||
24 | 34Ne | 35Na | 36Mg | 37Al | 38Si | 39P | 40S | 41Cl | 42Ar | 43K | 44Ca | 46Ti | 47V | 48Cr | 49Mn | 50Fe | 51Co | 52Ni | 53Cu | 54Zn | Ga | 32 | |
25 | 36Na | 37Mg | 38Al | 39Si | 40P | 41S | 42Cl | 43Ar | 44K | 45Ca | 46Sc | 47Ti | 48V | 49Cr | 51Fe | 52Co | 53Ni | 54Cu | 55Zn | 56Ga | Ge | 33 | |
26 | 37Na | 38Mg | 39Al | 40Si | 41P | 42S | 43Cl | 44Ar | 45K | 46Ca | 47Sc | 48Ti | 49V | 50Cr | 51Mn | 53Co | 54Ni | 55Cu | 56Zn | 57Ga | 58Ge | As | |
27 | 39Mg | 40Al | 41Si | 42P | 43S | 44Cl | 45Ar | 46K | 47Ca | 48Sc | 49Ti | 50V | 51Cr | 53Fe | 54Co | 55Ni | 56Cu | 57Zn | 58Ga | 59Ge | 60As | ||
28 | 40Mg | 41Al | 42Si | 43P | 44S | 45Cl | 46Ar | 47K | 48Ca | 49Sc | 50Ti | 51V | 52Cr | 53Mn | 55Co | 56Ni | 57Cu | 58Zn | 59Ga | 60Ge | 61As | ||
29 | 42Al | 43Si | 44P | 45S | 46Cl | 47Ar | 48K | 49Ca | 50Sc | 51Ti | 52V | 53Cr | 54Mn | 55Fe | 56Co | 57Ni | 58Cu | 59Zn | 60Ga | 61Ge | 62As | 34 | 35 |
30 | 44Si | 45P | 46S | 47Cl | 48Ar | 49K | 50Ca | 51Sc | 52Ti | 53V | 54Cr | 55Mn | 56Fe | 57Co | 58Ni | 59Cu | 60Zn | 61Ga | 62Ge | 63As | Se | Br | |
31 | 46P | 47S | 48Cl | 49Ar | 50K | 51Ca | 52Sc | 53Ti | 55Cr | 56Mn | 57Fe | 58Co | 59Ni | 60Cu | 62Ga | 63Ge | 64As | 65Se | 66Br | 36 | |||
32 | 48S | 49Cl | 50Ar | 51K | 52Ca | 53Sc | 54Ti | 55V | 56Cr | 57Mn | 58Fe | 59Co | 60Ni | 61Cu | 62Zn | 63Ga | 64Ge | 65As | 66Se | 67Br | Kr | 37 | |
33 | 49S | 50Cl | 51Ar | 52K | 53Ca | 54Sc | 55Ti | 56V | 57Cr | 59Fe | 60Co | 61Ni | 62Cu | 63Zn | 65Ge | 66As | 67Se | 68Br | 69Kr | Rb | |||
34 | 51Cl | 52Ar | 53K | 54Ca | 55Sc | 56Ti | 57V | 58Cr | 59Mn | 60Fe | 61Co | 62Ni | 63Cu | 64Zn | 65Ga | 66Ge | 67As | 68Se | 69Br | 70Kr | 71Rb | ||
35 | 53Ar | 54K | 55Ca | 56Sc | 57Ti | 58V | 60Mn | 62Co | 63Ni | 64Cu | 66Ga | 67Ge | 69Se | 71Kr | 72Rb | ||||||||
36 | 55K | 56Ca | 57Sc | 58Ti | 59V | 60Cr | 61Mn | 62Fe | 63Co | 64Ni | 65Cu | 66Zn | 67Ga | 68Ge | 69As | 70Se | 71Br | 72Kr | 73Rb | ||||
37 | 56K | 57Ca | 58Sc | 59Ti | 61Cr | 62Mn | 63Fe | 64Co | 66Cu | 67Zn | 68Ga | 69Ge | 71Se | 73Kr | 74Rb | ||||||||
38 | 59Sc | 60Ti | 61V | 62Cr | 63Mn | 64Fe | 65Co | 66Ni | 67Cu | 68Zn | 69Ga | 70Ge | 71As | 72Se | 73Br | 74Kr | 75Rb | ||||||
39 | 60Sc | 61Ti | 62V | 63Cr | 65Fe | 66Co | 68Cu | 69Zn | 70Ga | 72As | 73Se | 74Br | 75Kr | ||||||||||
40 | 62Ti | 63V | 64Cr | 65Mn | 66Fe | 67Co | 68Ni | 69Cu | 70Zn | 71Ga | 73As | 74Se | 75Br | 76Kr | 77Rb | 38 | |||||||
41 | 63Ti | 64V | 65Cr | 66Mn | 68Co | 69Ni | 70Cu | 72Ga | 74As | 75Se | 76Br | 77Kr | Sr | 39 | |||||||||
42 | 65V | 66Cr | 67Mn | 68Fe | 69Co | 70Ni | 71Cu | 72Zn | 73Ga | 74Ge | 76Se | 77Br | 78Kr | 79Rb | 80Sr | Y | 40 | ||||||
43 | 67Cr | 68Mn | 69Fe | 70Co | 71Ni | 72Cu | 74Ga | 76As | 78Br | 80Rb | 81Sr | 82Y | Zr | 41 | |||||||||
44 | 69Mn | 70Fe | 71Co | 72Ni | 73Cu | 74Zn | 75Ga | 76Ge | 78Se | 79Br | 80Kr | 82Sr | 83Y | 84Zr | Nb | 42 | |||||||
45 | 71Fe | 72Co | 73Ni | 74Cu | 75Zn | 76Ga | 77Ge | 78As | 80Br | 82Rb | 84Y | 85Zr | 86Nb | Mo | 43 | ||||||||
46 | 72Fe | 73Co | 74Ni | 75Cu | 76Zn | 77Ga | 78Ge | 79As | 80Se | 82Kr | 83Rb | 84Sr | 85Y | 86Zr | 87Nb | 88Mo | Tc | 44 | |||||
47 | 74Co | 75Ni | 76Cu | 78Ga | 79Ge | 80As | 82Br | 84Rb | 86Y | 87Zr | 88Nb | 89Mo | 90Tc | Ru | 45 | ||||||||
48 | 75Co | 76Ni | 77Cu | 78Zn | 79Ga | 80Ge | 81As | 82Se | 84Kr | 85Rb | 86Sr | 88Zr | 89Nb | 90Mo | 91Tc | 92Ru | Rh | 46 | |||||
49 | 77Ni | 78Cu | 79Zn | 80Ga | 81Ge | 83Se | 85Kr | 87Sr | 89Zr | 90Nb | 91Mo | 92Tc | 93Ru | Pd | 47 | ||||||||
50 | 78Ni | 79Cu | 80Zn | 81Ga | 82Ge | 83As | 84Se | 85Br | 86Kr | 87Rb | 88Sr | 90Zr | 92Mo | 93Tc | 94Ru | 95Rh | Ag | 48 | |||||
51 | 80Cu | 81Zn | 82Ga | 83Ge | 84As | 85Se | 86Br | 87Kr | 88Rb | 89Sr | 91Zr | 92Nb | 94Tc | 95Ru | 96Rh | 97Pd | Cd | ||||||
52 | 82Zn | 83Ga | 84Ge | 85As | 86Se | 87Br | 88Kr | 89Rb | 90Sr | 91Y | 92Zr | 94Mo | 95Tc | 96Ru | 97Rh | 98Pd | 99Ag | 100Cd | 49 | ||||
53 | 83Zn | 84Ga | 85Ge | 86As | 87Se | 89Kr | 90Rb | 91Sr | 92Y | 93Zr | 95Mo | 96Tc | 97Ru | 98Rh | 99Pd | 100Ag | 101Cd | In | 50 | ||||
54 | 85Ga | 86Ge | 87As | 88Se | 89Br | 90Kr | 91Rb | 92Sr | 93Y | 94Zr | 96Mo | 97Tc | 98Ru | 100Pd | 101Ag | 102Cd | Sn | 51 | |||||
55 | 86Ga | 87Ge | 88As | 89Se | 90Br | 91Kr | 92Rb | 93Sr | 94Y | 95Zr | 96Nb | 97Mo | 98Tc | 99Ru | 100Rh | 101Pd | 102Ag | 103Cd | 104In | Sb | 52 | ||
56 | 88Ge | 89As | 90Se | 91Br | 92Kr | 93Rb | 95Y | 96Zr | 97Nb | 98Mo | 100Ru | 101Rh | 102Pd | 103Ag | 104Cd | Te | 53 | ||||||
57 | 89Ge | 90As | 91Se | 92Br | 93Kr | 94Rb | 96Y | 97Zr | 98Nb | 99Mo | 100Tc | 101Ru | 103Pd | 104Ag | 105Cd | 106In | 107Sn | 109Te | I | 54 | |||
58 | 91As | 92Se | 93Br | 94Kr | 95Rb | 97Y | 98Zr | 99Nb | 100Mo | 101Tc | 102Ru | 103Rh | 104Pd | 106Cd | 107In | 108Sn | Xe | 55 | |||||
59 | 92As | 93Se | 94Br | 95Kr | 96Rb | 98Y | 99Zr | 100Nb | 101Mo | 102Tc | 103Ru | 104Rh | 105Pd | 107Cd | 108In | 109Sn | 110Sb | 111Te | 113Xe | Cs | |||
60 | 94Se | 95Br | 96Kr | 97Rb | 99Y | 100Zr | 101Nb | 102Mo | 103Tc | 104Ru | 105Rh | 106Pd | 108Cd | 109In | 110Sn | 111Sb | 112Te | 56 | |||||
61 | 96Br | 97Kr | 98Rb | 100Y | 101Zr | 102Nb | 103Mo | 104Tc | 105Ru | 106Rh | 108Ag | 109Cd | 110In | 111Sn | 112Sb | 113Te | 115Xe | 116Cs | Ba | ||||
62 | 97Br | 98Kr | 99Rb | 102Zr | 103Nb | 104Mo | 105Tc | 106Ru | 107Rh | 108Pd | 110Cd | 111In | 112Sn | 113Sb | 114Te | 115I | 116Xe | 117Cs | |||||
63 | 99Kr | 100Rb | 104Nb | 105Mo | 106Tc | 107Ru | 108Rh | 109Pd | 111Cd | 112In | 114Sb | 115Te | 116I | 117Xe | 118Cs | 119Ba | 57 | ||||||
64 | 100Kr | 101Rb | 106Mo | 107Tc | 108Ru | 109Rh | 110Pd | 111Ag | 112Cd | 114Sn | 115Sb | 116Te | 117I | 118Xe | 119Cs | La | |||||||
65 | 101Kr | 102Rb | 108Tc | 109Ru | 110Rh | 111Pd | 112Ag | 113Cd | 115Sn | 116Sb | 117Te | 118I | 119Xe | 120Cs | 121Ba | ||||||||
66 | 110Ru | 111Rh | 112Pd | 113Ag | 114Cd | 115In | 116Sn | 117Sb | 118Te | 119I | 120Xe | 121Cs | 122Ba | ||||||||||
67 | 112Rh | 113Pd | 114Ag | 116In | 117Sn | 118Sb | 120I | 121Xe | 122Cs | 123Ba | 58 | ||||||||||||
68 | 114Pd | 115Ag | 116Cd | 117In | 118Sn | 119Sb | 120Te | 121I | 122Xe | 123Cs | 124Ba | 125La | Ce | ||||||||||
69 | 116Ag | 117Cd | 118In | 119Sn | 121Te | 122I | 123Xe | 124Cs | 125Ba | 126La | |||||||||||||
70 | 117Ag | 118Cd | 119In | 120Sn | 121Sb | 122Te | 123I | 124Xe | 125Cs | 126Ba | 127La | 59 | |||||||||||
71 | 118Ag | 119Cd | 120In | 122Sb | 124I | 125Xe | 126Cs | 127Ba | 128La | 129Ce | Pr | 60 | |||||||||||
72 | 119Ag | 120Cd | 121In | 122Sn | 123Sb | 124Te | 125I | 126Xe | 127Cs | 128Ba | 129La | 130Ce | Nd | ||||||||||
73 | 120Ag | 121Cd | 122In | 123Sn | 125Te | 126I | 128Cs | 129Ba | 130La | 131Ce | 132Pr | 61 | 62 | 63 | |||||||||
74 | 121Ag | 122Cd | 123In | 124Sn | 125Sb | 126Te | 127I | 128Xe | 129Cs | 130Ba | 131La | 132Ce | 133Pr | 134Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | ||||||
75 | 122Ag | 123Cd | 124In | 125Sn | 127Te | 128I | 130Cs | 131Ba | 132La | 133Ce | 134Pr | 135Nd | 137Sm | 64 | |||||||||
76 | 123Ag | 124Cd | 125In | 126Sn | 127Sb | 128Te | 129I | 130Xe | 131Cs | 132Ba | 133La | 134Ce | 135Pr | 136Nd | 137Pm | 138Sm | 139Eu | Gd | |||||
77 | 125Cd | 126In | 127Sn | 128Sb | 130I | 131Xe | 132Cs | 134La | 135Ce | 136Pr | 137Nd | 138Pm | 139Sm | 140Eu | |||||||||
78 | 127In | 128Sn | 129Sb | 130Te | 131I | 132Xe | 133Cs | 134Ba | 135La | 136Ce | 137Pr | 138Nd | 139Pm | 140Sm | 141Eu | 142Gd | |||||||
79 | 129Sn | 130Sb | 131Te | 132I | 134Cs | 136La | 137Ce | 138Pr | 139Nd | 140Pm | 141Sm | 142Eu | 143Gd | 65 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 69 | |||||
80 | 130Sn | 131Sb | 132Te | 133I | 134Xe | 135Cs | 137La | 138Ce | 139Pr | 140Nd | 141Pm | 142Sm | 143Eu | 144Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | 70 | |||
81 | 131Sn | 132Sb | 133Te | 134I | 135Xe | 136Cs | 138La | 139Ce | 140Pr | 141Nd | 142Pm | 143Sm | 144Eu | 145Gd | 146Tb | 147Dy | Yb | 71 | |||||
82 | 132Sn | 133Sb | 134Te | 135I | 136Xe | 137Cs | 138Ba | 139La | 140Ce | 141Pr | 142Nd | 143Pm | 144Sm | 145Eu | 146Gd | 147Tb | 148Dy | 150Er | 151Tm | Lu | |||
83 | 133Sn | 134Sb | 135Te | 136I | 137Xe | 138Cs | 139Ba | 140La | 141Ce | 142Pr | 143Nd | 144Pm | 145Sm | 146Eu | 147Gd | 148Tb | 149Dy | 150Ho | 151Er | ||||
84 | 134Sn | 135Sb | 136Te | 137I | 138Xe | 139Cs | 140Ba | 141La | 142Ce | 143Pr | 144Nd | 145Pm | 146Sm | 147Eu | 148Gd | 149Tb | 150Dy | 151Ho | 152Er | 153Tm | 154Yb | 155Lu | |
85 | 136Sb | 137Te | 138I | 139Xe | 140Cs | 141Ba | 142La | 143Ce | 144Pr | 145Nd | 146Pm | 147Sm | 148Eu | 149Gd | 150Tb | 151Dy | 152Ho | 153Er | 154Tm | 155Yb | 156Lu | ||
86 | 138Te | 139I | 140Xe | 141Cs | 142Ba | 143La | 144Ce | 145Pr | 146Nd | 147Pm | 148Sm | 149Eu | 150Gd | 151Tb | 152Dy | 153Ho | 154Er | 155Tm | 156Yb | ||||
87 | 140I | 141Xe | 142Cs | 143Ba | 144La | 145Ce | 146Pr | 147Nd | 149Sm | 150Eu | 151Gd | 152Tb | 153Dy | 154Ho | 155Er | 156Tm | 157Yb | ||||||
88 | 142Xe | 143Cs | 144Ba | 145La | 146Ce | 147Pr | 148Nd | 149Pm | 150Sm | 151Eu | 152Gd | 153Tb | 154Dy | 155Ho | 156Er | 157Tm | 158Yb | ||||||
89 | 144Cs | 145Ba | 146La | 147Ce | 148Pr | 149Nd | 150Pm | 151Sm | 153Gd | 154Tb | 155Dy | 156Ho | 157Er | 158Tm | |||||||||
90 | 146Ba | 147La | 148Ce | 149Pr | 150Nd | 151Pm | 152Sm | 153Eu | 154Gd | 155Tb | 156Dy | 157Ho | 158Er | 159Tm | 160Yb | 161Lu | |||||||
91 | 148La | 149Ce | 150Pr | 151Nd | 152Pm | 153Sm | 154Eu | 155Gd | 157Dy | 158Ho | 159Er | 160Tm | 161Yb | 162Lu | |||||||||
92 | 150Ce | 151Pr | 152Nd | 153Pm | 154Sm | 155Eu | 156Gd | 157Tb | 158Dy | 159Ho | 160Er | 161Tm | 162Yb | ||||||||||
93 | 154Pm | 155Sm | 156Eu | 157Gd | 158Tb | 159Dy | 160Ho | 161Er | 162Tm | 163Yb | 164Lu | ||||||||||||
94 | 154Nd | 156Sm | 157Eu | 158Gd | 159Tb | 160Dy | 161Ho | 162Er | 163Tm | 164Yb | 165Lu | 72 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 80 | |||
95 | 157Sm | 158Eu | 159Gd | 160Tb | 161Dy | 162Ho | 163Er | 164Tm | 165Yb | 166Lu | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | ||||
96 | 159Eu | 160Gd | 161Tb | 162Dy | 164Er | 165Tm | 166Yb | 167Lu | 168Hf | 169Ta | 170W | 172Os | 171Ir | 174Pt | 175Au | ||||||||
97 | 160Eu | 161Gd | 162Tb | 163Dy | 164Ho | 165Er | 166Tm | 167Yb | 168Lu | 169Hf | 170Ta | 171W | 172Re | 173Os | 174Ir | 175Pt | 176Au | 177Hg | |||||
98 | 162Gd | 163Tb | 164Dy | 165Ho | 166Er | 167Tm | 168Yb | 169Lu | 170Hf | 171Ta | 172W | 174Os | 175Ir | 176Pt | 177Au | 178Hg | |||||||
99 | 164Tb | 165Dy | 167Er | 168Tm | 170Lu | 171Hf | 172Ta | 173W | 174Re | 175Os | 176Ir | 177Pt | 178Au | 179Hg | 81 | ||||||||
100 | 166Dy | 167Ho | 168Er | 169Tm | 170Yb | 171Lu | 172Hf | 173Ta | 174W | 175Re | 176Os | 177Ir | 178Pt | 179Au | 180Hg | Tl | 82 | ||||||
101 | 167Dy | 168Ho | 169Er | 170Tm | 171Yb | 173Hf | 174Ta | 175W | 176Re | 177Os | 178Ir | 179Pt | 181Hg | Pb | |||||||||
102 | 169Ho | 170Er | 171Tm | 172Yb | 173Lu | 174Hf | 175Ta | 176W | 177Re | 178Os | 179Ir | 180Pt | 181Au | 182Hg | |||||||||
103 | 170Ho | 171Er | 172Tm | 173Yb | 174Lu | 175Hf | 176Ta | 177W | 178Re | 179Os | 180Ir | 181Pt | 182Au | 183Hg | 184Tl | 185Pb | 83 | ||||||
104 | 172Er | 173Tm | 174Yb | 175Lu | 176Hf | 177Ta | 178W | 179Re | 180Os | 181Ir | 182Pt | 183Au | 184Hg | 185Tl | 186Pb | Bi | |||||||
105 | 173Er | 174Tm | 176Lu | 178Ta | 179W | 180Re | 181Os | 182Ir | 183Pt | 184Au | 185Hg | 186Tl | 187Pb | 84 | |||||||||
106 | 175Tm | 176Yb | 178Hf | 179Ta | 180W | 181Re | 182Os | 183Ir | 184Pt | 185Au | 186Hg | 187Tl | 188Pb | 189Bi | Po | 85 | |||||||
107 | 176Tm | 177Yb | 178Lu | 180Ta | 181W | 183Os | 184Ir | 185Pt | 186Au | 187Hg | 188Tl | 189Pb | 190Bi | At | |||||||||
108 | 178Yb | 179Lu | 180Hf | 181Ta | 182W | 183Re | 184Os | 185Ir | 186Pt | 187Au | 188Hg | 189Tl | 190Pb | 191Bi | |||||||||
109 | 180Lu | 181Hf | 183W | 185Os | 186Ir | 187Pt | 188Au | 189Hg | 190Tl | 191Pb | 192Bi | 193Po | 194At | ||||||||||
110 | 182Hf | 183Ta | 184W | 185Re | 186Os | 187Ir | 188Pt | 189Au | 190Hg | 191Tl | 192Pb | 193Bi | 194Po | 195At | |||||||||
111 | 183Hf | 184Ta | 186Re | 187Os | 188Ir | 189Pt | 190Au | 191Hg | 192Tl | 193Pb | 194Bi | 195Po | 196At | ||||||||||
112 | 184Hf | 185Ta | 186W | 187Re | 188Os | 189Ir | 190Pt | 191Au | 192Hg | 193Tl | 194Pb | 195Bi | 196Po | 197At | |||||||||
113 | 185Hf | 186Ta | 187W | 188Re | 190Ir | 191Pt | 192Au | 193Hg | 194Tl | 195Pb | 196Bi | 197Po | 198At | ||||||||||
114 | 188W | 189Re | 191Ir | 192Pt | 193Au | 194Hg | 195Tl | 196Pb | 197Bi | 198Po | 199At | ||||||||||||
115 | 189W | 190Re | 191Os | 193Pt | 194Au | 196Tl | 197Pb | 198Bi | 199Po | 200At | |||||||||||||
116 | 190W | 191Re | 192Os | 194Pt | 195Au | 196Hg | 197Tl | 198Pb | 199Bi | 200Po | 201At | ||||||||||||
117 | 192Re | 193Os | 194Ir | 196Au | 198Tl | 199Pb | 200Bi | 201Po | 202At | ||||||||||||||
118 | 194Os | 195Ir | 196Pt | 197Au | 199Tl | 200Pb | 201Bi | 202Po | 203At | ||||||||||||||
119 | 195Os | 196Ir | 197Pt | 198Au | 199Hg | 200Tl | 201Pb | 202Bi | 203Po | 204At | |||||||||||||
120 | 196Os | 197Ir | 198Pt | 199Au | 200Hg | 201Tl | 203Bi | 204Po | 205At | ||||||||||||||
121 | 198Ir | 199Pt | 200Au | 201Hg | 202Tl | 203Pb | 204Bi | 205Po | 206At | ||||||||||||||
122 | 200Pt | 201Au | 202Hg | 203Tl | 205Bi | 206Po | 207At | ||||||||||||||||
123 | 201Pt | 202Au | 203Hg | 204Tl | 205Pb | 206Bi | 207Po | 208At | |||||||||||||||
124 | 203Au | 204Hg | 205Tl | 206Pb | 207Bi | 208Po | 209At | ||||||||||||||||
125 | 204Au | 205Hg | 206Tl | 207Pb | 208Bi | 209Po | 210At | 86 | |||||||||||||||
126 | 206Hg | 207Tl | 208Pb | 209Bi | 210Po | 211At | Rn | 87 | |||||||||||||||
127 | 208Tl | 209Pb | 211Po | 212At | 213Rn | Fr | 88 | ||||||||||||||||
128 | 209Tl | 210Pb | 211Bi | 212Po | 213At | 214Rn | 215Fr | Ra | 89 | ||||||||||||||
129 | 210Tl | 211Pb | 212Bi | 213Po | 214At | 215Rn | 216Fr | 217Ra | Ac | 90 | |||||||||||||
130 | 212Pb | 213Bi | 214Po | 215At | 216Rn | 217Fr | 218Ra | 219Ac | Th | 91 | |||||||||||||
131 | 213Pb | 214Bi | 215Po | 216At | 217Rn | 218Fr | 219Ra | 220Ac | 221Th | Pa | 92 | ||||||||||||
132 | 214Pb | 215Bi | 216Po | 217At | 218Rn | 219Fr | 220Ra | 221Ac | 222Th | 223Pa | U | 93 | |||||||||||
133 | 217Po | 218At | 219Rn | 220Fr | 221Ra | 222Ac | 223Th | 224Pa | Np | 94 | |||||||||||||
134 | 218Po | 219At | 220Rn | 221Fr | 222Ra | 223Ac | 224Th | 225Pa | 226U | Pu | 95 | ||||||||||||
135 | 220At | 221Rn | 222Fr | 223Ra | 224Ac | 225Th | 226Pa | 227U | 228Np | Am | |||||||||||||
136 | 221At | 222Rn | 223Fr | 224Ra | 225Ac | 226Th | 227Pa | 228U | 229Np | 96 | |||||||||||||
137 | 223Rn | 224Fr | 225Ra | 226Ac | 227Th | 228Pa | 229U | 230Np | 232Am | Cm | 97 | ||||||||||||
138 | 224Rn | 225Fr | 226Ra | 227Ac | 228Th | 229Pa | 230U | 231Np | 232Pu | 233Am | Bk | ||||||||||||
139 | 225Rn | 226Fr | 227Ra | 228Ac | 229Th | 230Pa | 231U | 232Np | 233Pu | 234Am | 236Bk | 98 | 99 | 100 | |||||||||
140 | 226Rn | 227Fr | 228Ra | 229Ac | 230Th | 231Pa | 232U | 233Np | 234Pu | 235Am | 236Cm | Cf | Es | Fm | |||||||||
141 | 228Fr | 229Ra | 230Ac | 231Th | 232Pa | 233U | 234Np | 235Pu | 236Am | 237Cm | 240Es | 241Fm | |||||||||||
142 | 229Fr | 230Ra | 231Ac | 232Th | 233Pa | 234U | 235Np | 236Pu | 237Am | 238Cm | 239Bk | 240Cf | 241Es | 242Fm | |||||||||
143 | 232Ac | 233Th | 234Pa | 235U | 237Pu | 238Am | 239Cm | 240Bk | 241Cf | 242Es | 243Fm | ||||||||||||
144 | 234Th | 235Pa | 236U | 237Np | 238Pu | 239Am | 240Cm | 241Bk | 242Cf | 243Es | 244Fm | 101 | |||||||||||
145 | 235Th | 236Pa | 237U | 238Np | 239Pu | 240Am | 241Cm | 242Bk | 243Cf | 244Es | 245Fm | Md | 102 | ||||||||||
146 | 236Th | 237Pa | 238U | 239Np | 240Pu | 241Am | 242Cm | 243Bk | 244Cf | 245Es | 246Fm | No | 103 | 104 | |||||||||
147 | 237Th | 238Pa | 239U | 240Np | 241Pu | 242Am | 243Cm | 244Bk | 245Cf | 246Es | 247Fm | 248Md | Lr | Rf | 105 | ||||||||
148 | 238Th | 239Pa | 240U | 241Np | 242Pu | 243Am | 244Cm | 245Bk | 246Cf | 247Es | 248Fm | 249Md | 250No | Db | |||||||||
149 | 240Pa | 241U | 242Np | 243Pu | 244Am | 245Cm | 246Bk | 247Cf | 248Es | 249Fm | 250Md | 251No | 252Lr | 253Rf | 106 | ||||||||
150 | 242U | 243Np | 244Pu | 245Am | 246Cm | 247Bk | 248Cf | 249Es | 250Fm | 251Md | 252No | 253Lr | 254Rf | 255Db | Sg | 107 | |||||||
151 | 244Np | 245Pu | 246Am | 247Cm | 249Cf | 250Es | 251Fm | 252Md | 253No | 254Lr | 255Rf | 256Db | Bh | ||||||||||
152 | 246Pu | 247Am | 248Cm | 249Bk | 250Cf | 251Es | 252Fm | 253Md | 254No | 255Lr | 256Rf | 257Db | 258Sg | 108 | |||||||||
153 | 247Pu | 248Am | 249Cm | 250Bk | 251Cf | 252Es | 253Fm | 254Md | 255No | 256Lr | 257Rf | 258Db | 259Sg | 260Bh | Hs | 109 | |||||||
154 | 249Am | 250Cm | 251Bk | 252Cf | 253Es | 254Fm | 255Md | 256No | 257Lr | 258Rf | 259Db | 260Sg | 261Bh | Mt | 110 | ||||||||
155 | 251Cm | 252Bk | 253Cf | 254Es | 255Fm | 256Md | 257No | 258Lr | 259Rf | 260Db | 261Sg | 262Bh | 263Hs | Ds | |||||||||
156 | 252Cm | 253Bk | 254Cf | 255Es | 256Fm | 257Md | 258No | 259Lr | 260Rf | 261Db | 262Sg | 264Hs | |||||||||||
157 | 254Bk | 255Cf | 256Es | 257Fm | 258Md | 259No | 260Lr | 261Rf | 262Db | 263Sg | 264Bh | 265Hs | 266Mt | 267Ds | |||||||||
158 | 256Cf | 257Es | 258Fm | 259Md | 260No | 261Lr | 262Rf | 263Db | 264Sg | 265Bh | 266Hs | 111 | |||||||||||
159 | 258Es | 259Fm | 260Md | 262Lr | 263Rf | 265Sg | 266Bh | 267Hs | 268Mt | 269Ds | Rg | ||||||||||||
160 | 260Fm | 262No | 266Sg | 267Bh | 268Hs | 270Ds | |||||||||||||||||
161 | 265Rf | 266Db | 267Sg | 269Hs | 270Mt | 271Ds | 272Rg | ||||||||||||||||
162 | 266Rf | 267Db | 270Hs | 112 | 113 | ||||||||||||||||||
163 | 266Lr | 267Rf | 268Db | 269Sg | 270Bh | 271Hs | 273Ds | 274Rg | Cn | Nh | |||||||||||||
164 | 268Rf | 271Bh | |||||||||||||||||||||
165 | 270Db | 271Sg | 272Bh | 273Hs | 274Mt | 277Cn | 278Nh | ||||||||||||||||
166 | 270Rf | 275Mt | |||||||||||||||||||||
167 | 274Bh | 275Hs | 276Mt | 277Ds | 278Rg | ||||||||||||||||||
168 | 277Mt | 279Rg | 114 | ||||||||||||||||||||
169 | 277Hs | 278Mt | 279Ds | 280Rg | 281Cn | 282Nh | Fl | 115 | |||||||||||||||
170 | 280Ds | 281Rg | 282Cn | 283Nh | 284Fl | Mc | 116 | ||||||||||||||||
171 | 281Ds | 282Rg | 283Cn | 284Nh | 285Fl | Lv | 117 | ||||||||||||||||
172 | 284Cn | 285Nh | 286Fl | 287Mc | Ts | 118 | |||||||||||||||||
173 | 285Cn | 286Nh | 287Fl | 288Mc | Og | ||||||||||||||||||
174 | 288Fl | 289Mc | 290Lv | ||||||||||||||||||||
175 | 289Fl | 290Mc | 291Lv | ||||||||||||||||||||
176 | 292Lv | 293Ts | 294Og | ||||||||||||||||||||
177 | 293Lv | 294Ts |
145Gd | < 1 day |
149Gd | 1–10 days |
146Gd | 10–100 days |
153Gd | 100 days–10 a |
148Gd | 10–10,000 a |
150Gd | 10 ka–103 Ma |
152Gd | > 700 Ma |
158Gd | Stable |
Border: Isomer is < 1 day | |
198Au | Border: Isomer is 1–10 days |
Border: Isomer is 10–100 days | |
102Rh | Border: Isomer is 100 days – 10 years |
Border: Isomer is 10–10,000 years | |
204Pb | Border: Isomer is 10k–103M years |
Border: Isomer is Stable |
![Nuclides Nuclides](https://phys.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/9814/CNX_UPhysics_43_01_Nuclides.jpg?revision=1)
Trends in the chart of nuclides[edit]
![Chart Of Nuclides Chart Of Nuclides](http://shop.msu.edu/v/vspfiles/photos/NSCL-09-2.jpg)
5 | 6H | 7He | 8Li | 9Be | 10B | 11C | 12N | 13O | 14F | Ne | 11 | 12 | Al | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 | 7H | 8He | 9Li | 10Be | 11B | 12C | 13N | 14O | 15F | 16Ne | Na | Mg | 19Al | 14 |
7 | 9He | 10Li | 11Be | 12B | 13C | 14N | 15O | 16F | 17Ne | 18Na | 19Mg | 20Al | Si | |
8 | 10He | 11Li | 12Be | 13B | 14C | 15N | 16O | 17F | 18Ne | 19Na | 20Mg | 21Al | 22Si | |
9 | 12Li | 13Be | 14B | 15C | 16N | 17O | 19Ne | 20Na | 21Mg | 22Al | 23Si |
Fragment of table of nuclides for polonium, radium, copernicium and curium, as seen on a monument in front of University of Warsaw's Centre of New Technologies
Isotope half-lives. Note that the darker more stable isotope region departs from the line of protons (Z) = neutrons (N), as the element number Z becomes larger
- Isotopes are nuclides with the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons; that is, they have the same atomic number and are therefore the same chemical element. Isotopes neighbor each other vertically, e.g., carbon-12, carbon-13, carbon-14 or oxygen-15, oxygen-16, oxygen-17.
- Isotones are nuclides with the same number of neutrons but differing number of protons. Isotones neighbor each other horizontally. Example: carbon-14, nitrogen-15, oxygen-16 in the sample table above.
- Isobars are nuclides with the same number of nucleons, i.e. mass number, but different numbers of protons and different number of neutrons. Isobars neighbor each other diagonally from lower-left to upper-right. Example: carbon-14, nitrogen-14, oxygen-14 in the sample table above.
- Isodiaphers are nuclides with the same difference between neutrons and protons (N−Z). Like isobars, they follow diagonal lines, but at right angles to the isobar lines; from upper-left to lower right. Examples: boron-10, carbon-12, nitrogen-14 where N−Z=0; boron-12, carbon-14, nitrogen-16 where N−Z=2.
- Beyond the neutron drip line along the lower left, nuclides decay by neutron emission.
- Beyond the proton drip line along the upper right, nuclides decay by proton emission. Drip lines have only been established for some elements.
- The island of stability is a hypothetical region of the table of nuclides that contains isotopes far more stable than other transuranic elements.
- There are no stable nuclides having an equal number of protons and neutrons in their nuclei with atomic number greater than 20 (i.e. calcium) as can be readily 'read' from the chart. Nuclei of greater atomic number require an excess of neutrons for stability.
- The only stable nuclides having an odd number of protons and an odd number of neutrons are hydrogen-2, lithium-6, boron-10, nitrogen-14 and (observationally) tantalum-180m. This is because the mass-energy of such atoms is usually higher than that of their neighbors on the same isobaric chain, so most of them are unstable to beta decay.
- There are no stable nuclides with mass numbers 5 or 8. There are stable nuclides with all other mass numbers up to 208 with the exceptions of 147 and 151. (Bismuth-209 was found to be radioactive in 2003, but with a half-life of 1.9×1019 years.)
- With the possible exception of the pair tellurium-123 and antimony-123, odd mass numbers are never represented by more than one stable nuclide. This is because the mass-energy is a convex function of atomic number, so all nuclides on an odd isobaric chain except one have a lower-energy neighbor to which they can decay by beta decay.
- There are no stable nuclides having atomic number greater than Z=82 (lead),[5] although bismuth (Z=83) is stable for all practical human purposes. Elements with atomic numbers from 1 to 82 all have stable isotopes, with the exceptions of technetium (Z=43) and promethium (Z=61).
References[edit]
- ^Kurt Guggenheimer. Journal de Physique et le Radium 5 (1934) 253
- ^Giorgio Fea. Il Nuovo Cimento 2 (1935) 368
- ^'What We Do: The Chart of Nuclides'. Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2009.
- ^The data for these tables came from Brookhaven National Laboratory which has an interactive Table of Nuclides with data on ~3000 nuclides.
- ^Holden,CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 90th Edition §11
External links[edit]
- The Colourful Nuclide Chart, by Dr Edward Simpson of Australian National University.
- app for mobiles: Android or Apple - for PC use The Live Chart of Nuclides - IAEA
- Another example of a Chart of Nuclides from Korea Data up to Jan 1999 only
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Table_of_nuclides&oldid=901505873'